Discover the perfect blend of comfort and sophistication in this updated 2-bedroom, 1.5-bath condo located in South downtown Portland. With stunning city views and contemporary finishes, this property is ideal for those seeking an urban lifestyle. As you enter, you’ll be captivated by the spacious open floor plan that maximizes light and space. The stylish living area features, a cozy fireplace and slider that leads to breathtaking views of the city skyline, making it the perfect spot to unwind or entertain guests. Step out onto the balcony to soak in the vibrant atmosphere of downtown Portland. Imagine sipping your coffee while overlooking the bustling streets or unwinding with a glass of wine as the city lights twinkle around you. The modern kitchen is a culinary dream, boasting sleek stainless steel appliances, slab granite countertops, and ample custom cabinetry. Enjoy casual meals at the breakfast bar and enjoy lattes made from your own coffee bar. Retreat to the primary bedroom, which offers generous closet space and bath right across the hall. The second bedroom is versatile and can serve as a guest room, home office, or cozy den. A convenient half bath completes the layout, ideal for guests. This condo also offers access to fantastic amenities, including 2 workout rooms, 2 community lounges. Enjoy the indoor saltwater pool with jacuzzi and sauna or take dip in the outdoor pool during summer months. 53 Guest parking spaces unheard of downtown. Light rail and bus line outside your door, the street car is one block north. Stroll the Halprin sequence to dining, and entertainment just steps away, you’ll enjoy all that city living has to offer. Don’t miss your chance to own this stylish urban retreat! Close to OHSU and Portland state.
Nestled in Portland’s prestigious West Hills, this extraordinary estate offers sweeping views of the city skyline, Willamette River, and Cascade Mountains. Set on 1.17 acres of gated, park-like grounds, the property blends historic elegance with modern luxury.Originally built in 1887 by JJ McCaffrey and thoughtfully updated in 1928 by renowned architects Jacobberger and Smith, the residence showcases timeless craftsmanship and architectural distinction. The home has been exceptionally maintained over decades of ownership. Inside, experience approximately 10,000sf of living space that unfolds across four levels, featuring elaborate moldings, stained glass windows, rich wood floors, and multiple fireplaces. Grand formal rooms are complemented by a marble-clad chef’s kitchen with Thermador appliances, a butler’s pantry, and exquisite built-ins throughout.The upper-level grand ballroom represents architecture at its finest with maple wood floors, curved trusses, under-eave insulated storage, and finished with tongue and groove fir ceilings. The estate also includes two separate dwellings: a 2-bedroom, 1-bath guest house with fireplace and scenic views, and a 1-bedroom, 1-bath carriage house with full kitchen, office space, and a six-car garage. Outdoor amenities elevate the lifestyle with a full-size tennis court, in-ground pool surrounded by Italian porcelain patio, cobblestone driveway, and manicured gardens.Located minutes from NW 23rd, downtown Portland, top-rated schools including Ainsworth Elementary and Lincoln High, and major medical centers, this rare offering combines privacy, prestige, and convenience in one of the city’s most coveted settings. [Home Energy Score = 1. HES Report at https://rpt.greenbuildingregistry.com/hes/OR10226736]
Excellent new lower price! Live among the treetops in this stunning 2 level, 2 bed, 1.5 bath SW Portland condo just minutes from downtown and PSU University District! Enjoy serene privacy with incredible east-facing views of Duniway Park, Marquam Nature Park, OHSU, and the Cascade Mountains from your own covered deck. Main level welcomes you with warm hardwood floors and an inviting open layout that connects kitchen, dining, and living areas. A wood-burning fireplace adds cozy charm, while the slider door to the deck brings in natural light and those breathtaking views. The well-appointed kitchen features slab granite counters, stainless steel appliances, shaker-style cabinets (some with glass fronts), under-cabinet lighting, and a custom tile backsplash. Downstairs, you’ll find two spacious bedrooms, each with wonderful treetop views. The primary bedroom includes built-in bookshelves and an oversized closet, while the second bedroom offers a closet organizer for smart storage. The full bath showcases elegant tile floors, a large soaking tub, brand new door, and the laundry area with washer and dryer adds everyday convenience. Downstairs also has upgraded electric panel & Alexa enabled plugs. This condo community has many recent updates including new siding, roof, windows, exterior paint, deck, railing. A shared storage closet is right outside your door, plus there is 1 assigned covered carport parking space. Perfectly located minutes to OHSU, downtown Portland, I-5, and Hwy 26, this peaceful retreat offers urban convenience with a natural setting. Special assessment has been paid off!
Enjoy carefree living in the city with urban views! Private unit with wall of glass. Open great room. Amenities include 24 hour concierge, a library, fitness room, security, outdoor pool with room to enjoy social gatherings by the barbecue, herb garden, fire pit...all gated in the middle of the city with well maintained grounds, Keller Auditorium, waterfront with biking and walking trails, food carts, shopping, and farmers market with all the vibrancy that Portland has to offer. Attend a class or two at Portland State University. Easy access to dining, shopping and dog parks. Modern open layout for social gatherings. Well manicured , open spaces to entertain in the middle of the city surrounded by the beauty of the grounds.Additional storage available on the 8th floor with two other units at no charge.There are private storage lockers available in the garage for a one time purchase of $500.00. View 3D MATTERPORT on Homes.com. The property offers a city block of prime out door space.
Seller is very motivated!!!! This spacious 2-bedroom, 1-bath condo on the main floor offers 938 sq. ft. of comfortable living space in the heart of the city. Step inside and enjoy an open and functional layout with plenty of natural light, perfect for both relaxing and entertaining.The kitchen flows seamlessly into the living and dining areas. 1Both bedrooms are generously sized, and the bathroom features modern finishes with a clean design.Located in the desirable Harrison West Condominiums, this home provides easy access to Portland State University, the South Park Blocks, Keller Auditorium, and the Portland Streetcar—connecting you to everything downtown has to offer. Community amenities include a pool, hot tub, landscaped courtyards, and secure building entry for peace of mind.Whether you’re a first-time buyer, downsizing, or looking for a city retreat, this condo combines comfort, convenience, and unbeatable location. Seller will be open to seller financing with the right terms!
Experience the heart of Portland from this beautifully updated, one-level condo just steps from Providence Park. Located on the plaza level with direct elevator access, this home features elegant finishes, stainless appliances, and in-unit laundry. Relax in the secure, landscaped courtyard or take advantage of your deeded parking and storage. With MAX, the MAC, NW 23rd, and the Pearl all nearby, you’ll love the effortless downtown lifestyle.
Discover the joys of urban living in this classic family home. Perfect for professionals, families, and outdoor enthusiasts who want both the vibrancy of city living and the tranquility of nature. This charming 3-bedroom, 2-bathroom house offers an open floor plan that seamlessly connects the living room to the kitchen and family room, enhanced with hardwood floors and large windows with a panoramic view of nature, creating a warm and tranquil atmosphere. And two gas fireplaces help make the spaces cozy. A welcoming open kitchen and family room layout is designed for entertaining. The family room extends out onto a deck for grilling and includes a patio area for dining and entertaining or just to enjoy the outdoors. Your furry friends will be safe in the private, fenced yard featuring a special area with artificial turf designed just for them. The kitchen features granite countertops, cherry wood cabinets, a gas range with warming rack, and an abundance of cabinets for storage space. New, plush wall-to-wall carpeting has been installed in both the primary and guest bedroom (office). The home's exterior has a new front stairway leading to the front door and ample guest parking is available with a large driveway. For access to the house without using the front stairs, there is an entry gate in the fence on the south side of the house leading directly to the patio, deck and family room. For peace of mind, a natural gas-powered generator stays with the house in case of particularly stormy weather. Within miles of trails, OHSU, Council Crest park, downtown Portland, the Pearl District, and top medical centers, the location couldn't be more convenient.
Special and rare top floor light-filled unit at University Park Condominiums. South facing 5th floor 1-bdrm condo has wood-burning fireplace, cathedral ceilings, new sound proof windows, and new HVAC. This unit is pristine as owners are original and unit has been a lightly used second residence. Excellent floorplan for this 1-bdrm at University Park with views overlooking historic Lincoln Hall and toward the South Park Blocks. Condo has plenty of interior storage, washer/dryer, and comes with 1 deeded parking space. Unit can be sold furnished. University Park Condominiums is located in downtown Portland's Cultural District on the Park Blocks. Walk to Portland Farmer's Market, Portland Art Museum, Portland State University, Streetcar, MAX, theaters, food carts, restaurants, supermarkets, shops.
Rare 3-Bedroom Condo with Dual Decks and City Views! Opportunities like this don’t come along often. 1,054 sqft is a true 3-bedroom— offering space, and investment potential you won’t find in most units. Minutes from PSU and OHSU, ideal investment for steady rental demand (students, traveling nurses, or hospital visitors) or anyone seeking the perfect home in a prime Portland location. Living room dramatic arched ceilings with lighting, fireplace, and expansive sliding door that frames views of downtown Portland and Marquam Park. Step outside to not one, but two private decks, one off the living room and another off the primary, your pick: coffee, quiet evenings, or taking in the city lights. 1.5 bath, new carpet, in-unit laundry, wood fireplace and deeded parking, this homes easy maintenance and a prime location.
Welcome to your dream condo located in the Grant Tower of the prestigious American Plaza Towers community! Prepare to be mesmerized by the unbelievable views that await you - take in the majestic sights of Mount Hood, the serene Willamette River, the iconic Tillicum Bridge, and the vibrant South Waterfront right from the comfort of your living space. Step inside to discover an open and light-filled floor plan, thoughtfully designed to maximize both space and comfort. Cozy up next to the fireplace in the living room on cooler evenings or enjoy the seamless indoor-outdoor living experience by stepping out to the large view deck accessible from the living room and primary bedroom. The second bedroom is cleverly equipped with a Murphy bed, providing versatility for your needs & guests. The condo also comes with a deed parking space #15 and a generously sized storage unit B-3 #6, ensuring convenience and ample space for your belongings. Investment potential is excellent, as there is no rental cap for the building. With 53 guest parking spaces available, your visitors will always have a place to park comfortably. For added peace of mind, 24/7 concierge and security services are provided. Indulge in an array of amenities within the community, including an outdoor pool, a newly renovated indoor pool, saunas, locker room and meeting rooms equipped with kitchens perfect for hosting gatherings or events. Conveniently located on the Max and bus line, transportation will never be an issue. And for those associated with Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), you'll be delighted to know that it's just a 5-minute drive. This luxurious condo has an option to be FULLY FURNISHED with outstanding decor, offering a turnkey solution for your new home or investment property, Lease to own is an Option to consider starting Jan 1 2026 $3200 a month
Luxury waterfront living at the Strand Jr. penthouse! Spectacular view of the city, river, mountains and the parks. Updated and elegant with 3 bedrooms, 3 baths, TWO primary suites, dining and den areas, walk-in pantry, balcony off dining room, and balcony off primary bedroom. Gourmet kitchen features quartz countertops, oversized island & Thermador SS appliances. See to appreciate this amazing unit!
Built in 2004, this hidden jewel crowns Portland Heights at the top of the West Hills-rarely visible from the street yet unforgettable once discovered. Originally conceived as a NW estate with modern American ease, the home was thoughtfully redesigned with sleek, South American inspired interiors. Today, it presents as even more remarkable thanks to extensive updates by the current owners, who enhanced nearly every corner. The 6-bedroom, 5.1-bath layout spans nearly 7,000 square feet of elevated living. Multiple verandas, secret gardens, and outdoor fireplaces blur the line between indoor and outdoor life. Interiors are alive with texture-lime-washed walls, custom closets by California Closets, curated lighting, leathered wall finishes, and rich wood ceilings. Expansive entertaining spaces flow to a gourmet kitchen, while highlights include a custom wine cellar, soundproof theater with glitter carpet and projector, and a dedicated gym.Every detail has been addressed: new balcony doors and windows in the primary suite, new outdoor lighting, irrigation upgrades, fresh paint throughout, remote-control curtains, and a whole-house generator (2024). Three fireplaces-two gas and one wood-burning-anchor the gathering spaces, while Sonos sound enriches daily life. The 3-car garage, new security system, and a gated entry reinforce ease and privacy.Minutes from downtown yet worlds away, this home offers serenity, scale, and sophistication. For the next owner, the true luxury is inheriting a home that’s been elevated inside and out. [Home Energy Score = 4. HES Report at https://rpt.greenbuildingregistry.com/hes/OR10192482]
Situated in Portland Heights on Montgomery Dr. Noted by the Oregonian, One of the Most Prestigious Addresses in Portland. Built by Jamieson Parker. Master on Main with Large Sliding Glass Doors Overlooking the Private Wooded Area. Living Room Features Hardwood Floors, Fireplace and Wood Beamed Ceilings Adding a Touch of Old World Charm and Warmth. Kitchen Provides Separate Eating Area with Balcony Access. Low Maintenance petite Fenced Front Yard, no backyard, side yard ready for creativity. Full Basement provides ample storage. 8 Minutes to OHSU, 5 Minutes to Hwy 26. Moments Away from the Rose Gardens, Tennis Courts, Arboretum Walking Trails, NW 23rd, Fine Dining and Shops. A Great Opportunity to Own in Portland Heights! [Home Energy Score = 1. HES Report at https://rpt.greenbuildingregistry.com/hes/OR10227084]
Live in the heart of the South Downtown Arts and Education district. PSU is steps away, along with the Farmer's market, Keller Auditorium, Schnitzer Concert Hall, parks and restaurants. Short stroll to the riverfront. Enjoy views of the city, mountains and river from your private 17th floor balcony. The streetcar stops in front of the building for easy access. This sophisticated condo offers city living and a sense of community with a courtyard, pool, hot tub, and reservable community room. Unit includes a deeded garage parking space and a secure storage unit. Storage unit is on level B. Come see all this condo has to offer!
OPEN HOUSE June 28th 2pm-4pm. Motivated sellers! New Improved PRICE! No rental cap; ideal for homeowners and investors alike! Just two blocks from the Keller Auditorium and four blocks from the PSU campus, this home offers breathtaking million-dollar river and cityscape views from every angle. Bonus HOA Incentives – Call for Details! From sunrise to sunset, enjoy breathtaking views from this sophisticated high-rise hideaway in the heart of downtown Portland. Located in the iconic Harrison West, designed by the renowned Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, this residence offers unbeatable value with deeded parking and a bonus storage unit included. Nestled within the historically protected Halprin Open Space Sequence, this home is perfectly situated in the vibrant South Downtown Arts & Education District, and steps from everything the city has to offer. Enjoy the recently redesigned, beautifully landscaped courtyard, a tranquil escape just outside your door. Inside, the home features refaced kitchen cabinets, a new Bosch dishwasher, fresh paint, a new water heater and tilt-in doors and windows for easy cleaning and year-round comfort. High-speed, 100MBPS fiber optic internet included in HOA along with laundry, pool, hot tub & meeting room.
Turnkey ease. Uncompromised sophistication. Views for days. This Junior Penthouse isn’t just another condo, it’s the definition of elevated living. Some condos you visit, this one you experience. Light, airy panoramic views from every angle meld with thoughtful design to create something truly sublime. Hardwood floors, granite counters, premium Thermador appliances, soaring ceilings, and two covered balconies are only the beginning. Every room is defined by its prominence over the city. OHSU, the Tram, South Waterfront, and the Willamette River mesmerize in the Southern exposure. The downtown Portland skyline, West Hills, and even more of the Willamette inspire in the Western exposure. No room is left without a staggering view. Two oversized bedrooms, each with ensuite baths, capture sun-soaked southern light. The main living room, kitchen, dining room, and den are framed by a full wall of city-scape and unforgettable sunsets. Throw in a generous laundry room, secured storage, and two deeded parking spaces and you have the full package. Here your view isn’t just the view, it’s the new backdrop of your life.
Rare contemporary style in the heart of Portland Heights on one of the most desirable streets. Well designed home to take advantage of the treed views but offering light all year round through the two-story great room style floor plan with walls of windows. The main floor offers an ample-sized living room with gas fireplace, hardwood floors incredible light, access to the deck, and nice views. The combined kitchen and dining room offers room for large gatherings for sit-down dinners or entertaining with French doors out to the large deck. Both formal and informal dining areas. The kitchen offers high end chef’s appliances, custom overhead hood, granite counters, oversized island, and plenty of storage. Ideal floor plan with the primary suite on the main level with walk in closet and updated bathroom with walk-in shower and separate free-standing tub. Upstairs you will find a loft space with full closet - offering the flexibility of being a home office, extra bedroom space, or TV flex room. The lower level has many possibilities with its secondary access, two additional bedrooms with a full bathroom, bonus room with French doors out to a private deck, and a full bathroom. The home offers the potential for in-laws, extended stay guests, or possible ADU. Rare attached two-car garage with additional driveway parking. Rare opportunity in Portland Heights just minutes to downtown and the heart of NW Portland, easy access to the hospitals and freeway, all in the picture perfect neighborhood you’ve been looking for. [Home Energy Score = 8. HES Report at https://rpt.greenbuildingregistry.com/hes/OR10093338]
Located in Portland's Premier Luxury Condo Tower, "The Fountain Plaza" KOIN Tower. South Facing, This World Class Penthouse Offers Floor-to Ceiling Windows Providing Natural Light Throughout. Living and Dining Area Ideal for Entertaining. Situated on the 27th Floor, with Breath Taking Views South of the Willamette River, Bridges, the West Hills & OHSU Tram. Private Covered Balcony Overlooking the City Skyline, A Sea of Lights at Night, Perfect for Alfresco Dining. A Peaceful Retreat Above the Hustle and Bustle of the City. Minutes to Max Line, Waterfront Park, Farmers Market, Shops, Dining and All that Downtown Portland has to Offer. Building Amenities Include Underground Parking, 24/7 Security and Concierge. ML#24032872 - Unit #2702, 1881SF is also available. The 2 units could be combined.
Price Reduced! Enjoy incredible views from this beautifully updated Grant Tower condo. The spacious layout features floor-to-ceiling sliders in the living room that fill the space with natural light and open to a large private patio. Recent improvements include new interior paint, resurfaced countertops and tile, updated kitchen appliances, refreshed cabinetry with new hardware, new flooring throughout and much more! Super rare deeded parking for two cars and private storage included. Exceptional building amenities offer concierge service, indoor and outdoor pools, hot tub, sauna, gym, and abundant guest parking. Ideally located near PSU, the Farmers Market, coffee shops, restaurants, and public transit lines.
We have the views you’ve been looking for! Twenty-four flights up, yours is a commanding vista from the prow of your balcony, where to your right, the river sparkles and the mountain rises above it. Directly ahead, evening brings glorious rose sunsets over the west hills and then, later, a myriad of winking city lights. Inside, warm bamboo floors, granite counters, contemporary lighting, new remote-controlled fireplace and greatroom design come together for a sophisticated vibe. The addition of barn-door sliders has transformed the two-bed- two-bath floorplan into dual primary suites. In the kitchen, you are well-equipped with updated stainless appliances and glass-top range. Washer and dryer are full-size front loaders hidden away from view in the entryway. A/C? Of course! Just next door: Fully equipped gym, locker room, sauna, full-size swimming pool and patio, and an event venue you can reserve. More: Your own parking space, your own dedicated storage space, 24-hour security+concierge and 53 spaces for guest parking. Cable and internet included, HOA pays all utilities except electric.
EXCELLENT VALUE! AMAZING GROUND-LEVEL CORNER TOWNHOME UNIT WITH 10' CEILINGS, WALL TO WALL WINDOWS; FRESHLY PAINTED. 2491 SQ FT 2 BEDROOMS 3 BATHS LUXURY CITY LIVING WITH OPEN FLOOR PLAN, GAS FIREPLACE, LARGE KITCHEN ISLAND, HARDWOOD FLOORS AND PRIVATE PATIO. FULL BATH ON MAIN LEVEL. SPACIOUS PRIMARY SUITE WITH WALK-IN CLOSET, DOUBLE VANITY, LARGE SOAKING TUB AND WALK-IN SHOWER. ENORMOUS UTILITY ROOM WITH CLOSETS GALORE. ENJOY VIEWS OF WILLAMETTE RIVER, TOM MCCALL WATERFRONT PARK, RIVEPLACE MARINA, DOUGH ZONE RESTAURANT, DRAGON BOAT RACES AND JULY 4TH FIREWORKS. DEEDED TWO PARKING SPACES P226 IN SECURED GARAGE. URBAN LIVING AT ITS BEST!
Perched high above the city in Portland’s prestigious West Hills, this striking modern masterpiece captures breathtaking 180-degree views that stretch from the snow-capped peak of Mt. Hood to the shimmering towers of downtown. A private gated drive leads to this architecturally bold glass-and-steel residence, where sleek lines and organic materials create an appealing blend of drama and warmth. Inside, soaring ceilings and walls of floor-to-ceiling windows flood the open-concept great room with natural light, framing the city and 4 mountain vistas like ever-changing artwork. Designed for both grand entertaining and quiet retreat, the home features multiple view-facing balconies, a resort-style pool with built-in spa, and an expansive lower level with full bar, glass-enclosed wine cellar, and stadium-style media room. The chef’s kitchen is a showpiece, outfitted with Viking and Sub-Zero appliances, a built-in coffee system, and double islands for effortless hosting. The main-level primary suite offers a luxurious escape with a private fireplace, soaking tub, and spa-like bath, all with unobstructed views. Additional highlights include a richly paneled home office, mirrored home gym, steam room, and a fully lit sport court tucked into the tree-lined grounds. Minutes from downtown and just steps to Portland’s iconic parks and gardens, this is a rare opportunity to own one of the city’s most spectacular view properties—an inspired retreat that elevates every moment.
Pied-a-terre or permanent residence, fully furnished, all you need to do is bring your clothes and food. Including a work-at-home space with large built in desk, filing drawer, and storage cupboards.Ideal location to enjoy Urban living along the river, only minutes to Waterfront Park, restaurants, shops, streetcar, PSU, downtown, and EZ access to I 5. Delight in watching the Dragon boats, the Christmas Ships, or stroll to the nearby summer festivals. This end unit with lots of light is a great room design with bar stools at the kitchen counter, a fireplace, and a private covered patio to be entertained by the street scene. Invite friends to enjoy amazing views from the large roof top community deck on those lovely warm summer evenings. This complex has recently been totally refreshed inside and out. Investors note that there is no rental cap. Secure bike and kayak storage. Secure deeded parking space and 1 large storage unit are included.
Meticulously maintained condo at Harrison West. Unit 9C is a stunning west facing condo on the 9th floor, with floor to ceiling windows and a deck perfect for enjoying sunsets with breathtaking city and lush canopy tree top views in South Downtown Cultural District. The condominium features an open floor plan, has been updated with laminate floors, fresh cabinets, stainless appliances, and a custom California closet & new window/closet coverings in the primary bedroom. Harrison West amenities include modern secure lobby, on-site manager, dog friendly, well managed HOA with a community pool, hot tub, sauna with included fiber internet, sewer, water & trash. Plus, a secure underground deeded parking space and private storage unit are included. Enjoy the Portland lifestyle you’ve been dreaming of, just blocks from the farmers market, PSU, parks, fountains, trails, theaters, museums, the waterfront and transit.*New water heater with auto detect. 2019 Furnace/AC. New appliances all included.
New Price! Beautifully designed contemporary condominium located in the heart of the trendy Portland's Cultural District. This like-new 8th floor 1-bedroom unit features high end finishes, a bright and light floor plan and a wall of SE facing floor-to-ceiling windows in the living room from which you can enjoy breath-taking views for miles and many sunrises too. The unit includes hardwood floors, granite countertops, cherry cabinets, SS Appliances with gas range, washer/dryer unit and a private balcony (57 SF, not included in the 603 SF of the unit). Building amenities include a gym, hot tub, lounge and outdoor patio, etc. With a walk score of 98, convenience is literally at your doorstep. The location is just a quick stroll from the Portland Streetcar, light rail, bus system, PSU, Arlene Schnitzer, Portland Art Museum, Keller Auditorium, restaurants, cafes, theaters and more. Don't miss your chance to experience true luxury living with an urban lifestyle. Last but not least, this unit even comes with just about the most coveted deeded parking spot (P-6) in the building - near the garage entry gate so not having to spiral down many levels underground, plus being flanked by extra spaces on both sides of this parking spot! Seller is listing agent.

Portland is located in Oregon. Portland, Oregon 97201has a population of 647,176. Portland 97201 is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 29.49% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 31.66%.
The median household income in Portland, Oregon 97201 is $78,476. The median household income for the surrounding county is $76,290 compared to the national median of $69,021. The median age of people living in Portland 97201 is 37.9 years.
The average high temperature in July is 80.5 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 36.4 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 42.8 inches per year, with 2.6 inches of snow per year.